In 1969, Congress passed NEPA, the national charter for responsible management of the environment. Under NEPA, all branches of the Federal government must consider the potential impacts of their proposed actions on the human environment prior to making a decision to implement the action.
One process for considering the potential impacts of proposed Federal actions is through the preparation of a document called an Environmental Assessment (EA). The EA determines whether or not a Federal action has the potential to cause environmental effects. Preparation of an EA also provides an opportunity for the public to learn about and comment on Federal actions that may affect their communities prior to any action being taken.
Read more about the NEPA review process here.